Chapter 11: Transportation in Animals and Plants
पादप एवं जंतुओं में परिवहन (हृदय, रक्त परिसंचरण, जाइलम, फ्लोएम एवं वाष्पोत्सर्जन)
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- Circulatory Anatomy of Human Heart: 4 distinct chambers: two upper Atria (आलिंद) and two lower Ventricles (निलय). A muscular septum prevents oxygen-rich blood from mixing with carbon dioxide-rich blood.
- Arteries vs Veins: Arteries (धमनियां) have thick, elastic walls and carry oxygenated blood under high pressure away from the heart to all organs (except pulmonary artery which carries CO2-rich blood to lungs). Veins (शिराएं) have thin walls and internal VALVES that ensure blood flows only towards the heart.
- Blood Cells: Red Blood Cells (RBCs) contain Hemoglobin (iron protein transporting oxygen); White Blood Cells (WBCs) fight infections; Blood Platelets form clots to prevent bleeding.
- Plant Vascular Tissues: Xylem (जाइलम) transports water and minerals unidirectionally from roots to leaves via transpiration suction pull; Phloem (फ्लोएम) transports synthesized sucrose/food bidirectionally from leaves to all growing storage parts.
- Human Excretory System: Kidneys filter urea and toxins from blood -> Ureters -> Urinary Bladder -> Urethra. The functional microscopic filtering units are Nephrons.
- Trap: Which blood vessels have valves? **Veins (शिराएं)** have valves to prevent reverse backflow.
- Trap: Which artery carries deoxygenated blood? **Pulmonary Artery (फुफ्फुस धमनी)**.
- Trap: Which tissue transports water in plants? **Xylem (जाइलम)** transports water; **Phloem (फ्लोएम)** transports food.
NCERT Core Facts: Human Cardiovascular Physiology & Plant Vascular Bundles
CTET Paper 2 tests exact mechanistic distinctions in biological fluid transport:
1. Comparing Arteries and Veins
| Feature | Arteries (धमनियां) | Veins (शिराएं) |
|---|---|---|
| Direction of Flow | Away from heart to body organs. | Towards heart from body tissues. |
| Blood Oxygenation | Carries Oxygen-rich blood (Exception: Pulmonary Artery). | Carries $CO_2$-rich blood (Exception: Pulmonary Vein). |
| Wall Thickness | Thick, elastic muscular walls to withstand high pulse pressure. | Thin walls under low hydrostatic pressure. |
| Valves | NO valves. | VALVES present to ensure unidirectional flow. |
2. Plant Vascular Bundles: Xylem vs. Phloem
- Xylem (जाइलम):
- Transports water and dissolved minerals from soil.
- Direction: Strictly unidirectional (upwards) driven by transpirational suction pull.
- Phloem (फ्लोएम):
- Transports synthesized photosynthate (glucose/sucrose).
- Direction: Multidirectional / Bidirectional (from leaves to growing buds and root storage organs).
Test Your Mastery: Transportation in Animals and Plants
Authentic CBSE exam questions tested directly from this NCERT chapter.
Which of the following blood vessels carries deoxygenated (carbon dioxide-rich) blood from the heart to the lungs?
निम्नलिखित में से कौन-सी रक्त वाहिका हृदय से फेफड़ों तक कार्बन डाइऑक्साइड युक्त (अनॉक्सीकृत) रक्त ले जाती है?
In vascular plants, which tissue is responsible for transporting food manufactured in leaves to all other parts of the plant?
संवहनी पौधों में पत्तियों द्वारा निर्मित भोजन को पौधे के अन्य सभी भागों तक पहुँचाने के लिए कौन-सा ऊतक उत्तरदायी है?
Why do veins possess internal valves while arteries do not?
To ensure that blood flows in only one direction toward the heart and prevent backflow under low pressure.
Which plant tissue conducts water and dissolved minerals from roots to leaves?
Xylem tissue.