Chapter 12: Reproduction in Plants
पादपों में जनन (कायिक प्रवर्धन, परागण, निषेचन एवं बीज प्रकीर्णन)
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- Asexual Reproduction Modes: 1. Vegetative Propagation: Potato eyes (tubers), Ginger rhizomes, Bryophyllum leaf margin notches, Rose stem cuttings. 2. Budding: Yeast cells form miniature daughter buds that pinch off. 3. Fragmentation: Filamentous green algae Spirogyra breaks into two or more fragments. 4. Spore Formation: Ferns and Bread mold (Rhizopus) produce dormant spores enclosed in sporangia.
- Floral Anatomy: Stamen is male reproductive organ (Anther containing pollen grains + Filament); Pistil/Carpel is female reproductive organ (Stigma, Style, Ovary containing ovules).
- Pollination: Self-pollination (pollen transfers to stigma of same flower) vs Cross-pollination (pollen transfers to stigma of different flower of same species by wind, insects, water).
- Seed Dispersal Mechanisms: 1. Wind: Winged seeds (Drumstick/Sahjan, Maple), hairy seeds (Madar/Aak, Sunflower). 2. Water: Spongy fibrous coat (Coconut). 3. Animals: Spiny seeds with hooks (Xanthium, Urena). 4. Explosive Bursting: Castor and Balsam pods burst open with sudden jerks.
- Trap: Which plant reproduces through notches on leaf margins? Correct: **Bryophyllum (पत्थरचट्टा)**.
- Trap: Which seeds possess wings for wind dispersal? Correct: **Drumstick (सहजन) and Maple**.
- Trap: Which plant seeds have spiny hooks that attach to animal fur? Correct: **Xanthium (गोखरू)**.
NCERT Core Facts: Plant Reproduction, Pollination & Dispersal Vectors
Class 7 Chapter 12 provides guaranteed botanical questions in Paper 2 Science:
1. Asexual Modes of Botanical Reproduction
| Method | Biological Mechanism | Typical NCERT Species Example |
|---|---|---|
| Vegetative: Leaf Buds | Adventitious buds sprout along leaf notches | Bryophyllum (पत्थरचट्टा) |
| Vegetative: Underground Tuber / Eyes | Scars ('eyes') sprout fresh leafy stems | Potato (आलू) |
| Vegetative: Rhizome | Horizontal underground rootstock | Ginger (अदरक), Turmeric |
| Budding (मुकुलन) | Asymmetric daughter bulb growth | Yeast (खमीर) |
| Fragmentation (खंडन) | Vegetative breaking of filaments | Spirogyra (स्पाइरोगाइरा शैवाल) |
| Spore Formation (बीजाणु) | Spores released from hard sporangia | Bread Mold (Rhizopus), Ferns |
2. Seed Dispersal Vectors & Specialized Adaptations
- Wind (वायु द्वारा):
- Winged seeds: Drumstick (सहजन) and Maple.
- Light hairy tufts: Madar (Aak) and Sunflower achenes.
- Water (जल द्वारा):
- Fibrous buoyant husk: Coconut (नारियल).
- Animal Fur Hooks (जंतुओं द्वारा):
- Spines with curved hooks: Xanthium (गोखरू) and Urena.
- Explosive Bursting (झटके से फटना):
- Sudden pod rupture: Balsam and Castor (अरंडी).
Test Your Mastery: Reproduction in Plants
Authentic CBSE exam questions tested directly from this NCERT chapter.
In which of the following plants does vegetative reproduction take place through the buds present along the margins of its leaves?
निम्नलिखित में से किस पौधे में कायिक प्रवर्धन उसकी पत्तियों के किनारों पर उपस्थित कलिकाओं द्वारा होता है?
Winged seeds adapted for dispersal by wind are characteristically found in which of the following plants?
हवा द्वारा प्रकीर्णन के लिए पंखदार बीज (Winged seeds) विशिष्ट रूप से किस पौधे में पाए जाते हैं?
Which plant reproduces vegetatively through adventitious buds situated along its leaf margins?
Bryophyllum (पत्थरचट्टा).
Give two examples of seeds dispersed by wind using specialized wings.
Drumstick (सहजन) and Maple seeds.