Chapter 9: The Making of the National Movement: 1870s–1947
राष्ट्रीय आंदोलन का संघटन: 1870 के दशक से 1947 तक (नरमपंथी, गरमपंथी, बंगाल विभाजन, असहयोग, दांडी मार्च एवं भारत छोड़ो)
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- Foundation of Indian National Congress (INC): Established in December 1885 at Bombay with 72 delegates from all over India. Retired British official A.O. Hume played a crucial role. First president was W.C. Bonnerjee. Early leaders: Dadabhai Naoroji (wrote 'Poverty and Un-British Rule in India', exposing the 'Drain of Wealth' from India to Britain), Pherozeshah Mehta, Badruddin Tyabji, Dinshaw Wacha, Surendranath Banerjea, Romesh Chandra Dutt.
- Moderates vs Radicals (Extremists):
- - Moderates (नरमपंथी): Believed in constitutional methods, petitions, resolutions, and creating public awareness of colonial economic exploitation.
- - Radicals (गरमपंथी / Lal-Bal-Pal): Lala Lajpat Rai (Punjab), Bal Gangadhar Tilak (Maharashtra), Bipin Chandra Pal (Bengal). Tilak proclaimed the immortal slogan: 'FREEDOM IS MY BIRTHRIGHT AND I SHALL HAVE IT' (स्वतंत्रता मेरा जन्मसिद्ध अधिकार है और मैं इसे लेकर रहूँगा). Advocated mass strikes, swadeshi, and boycott.
- Partition of Bengal (1905): Viceroy Lord Curzon partitioned Bengal on 16 October 1905 on the pretext of administrative efficiency, but the actual motive was to weaken the nerve center of Indian nationalism and drive a wedge between Hindus and Muslims. Sparked the SWADESHI MOVEMENT (known as Vande Mataram Movement in coastal Andhra).
- Gandhian Mass Movements:
- - Rowlatt Satyagraha (1919): Against the Black Rowlatt Act which allowed detention without trial. Culminated in the JALLIANWALA BAGH MASSACRE on 13 April 1919 ordered by General Dyer in Amritsar. Rabindranath Tagore renounced his British KNIGHTHOOD (सर की उपाधि) in anguish and protest.
- - Khilafat & Non-Cooperation Movement (1920–1922): Gandhi combined Khilafat issue (led by Mohammad Ali and Shaukat Ali) with Non-Cooperation. Boycott of government schools, law courts, and foreign cloth. Called off abruptly in February 1922 following the CHAURI CHAURA incident in Gorakhpur where 22 policemen were burnt alive.
- - Civil Disobedience Movement & Dandi March (1930): On 12 March 1930, Gandhi marched 240 miles from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi with 78 volunteers; on 6 April 1930, manufactured salt by boiling sea water, breaking the state monopoly on salt.
- - Quit India Movement (भारत छोड़ो आंदोलन - August 1942): Gandhi launched the slogan 'DO OR DIE' (करो या मरो) demanding immediate British withdrawal.
- Trap: Why did Rabindranath Tagore renounce his Knighthood? Correct: In protest against the JALLIANWALA BAGH MASSACRE (1919).
- Trap: Who authored 'Poverty and Un-British Rule in India'? Correct: DADABHAI NAOROJI.
- Trap: In which coastal region was the Swadeshi Movement known as the 'Vande Mataram Movement'? Correct: COASTAL ANDHRA (डेल्टा आंध्र).
NCERT Core Facts: Chronological Milestones of India's Freedom Struggle
Gandhian mass mobilization and early nationalist dynamics are pivotal in CTET Paper 2:
1. Chronology of Major Nationalist Milestones
1885: INC Founded (Bombay, 72 delegates; W.C. Bonnerjee)
│
1905: Partition of Bengal (Curzon) ──> Swadeshi & Boycott Movement
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1919: Rowlatt Act ──> Jallianwala Bagh (13 April) ──> Tagore renounces Knighthood
│
1920-22: Non-Cooperation & Khilafat Movement (Ended by Chauri Chaura)
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1930: Dandi March (Salt Satyagraha - Sabarmati to Dandi)
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1942: Quit India Movement ("Do or Die" / करो या मरो)2. High-Yield Nationalist Tenets
- Dadabhai Naoroji: Known as the 'Grand Old Man of India'; mathematically documented how British colonial rule systematically drained Indian economic surplus to Britain (Drain of Wealth theory).
- Tilak's Slogan: "Freedom is my birthright and I shall have it!" Launched Kesari (Marathi newspaper) to galvanize popular resistance.
Test Your Mastery: The Making of the National Movement: 1870s–1947
Authentic CBSE exam questions tested directly from this NCERT chapter.
Following which tragic colonial atrocity did Rabindranath Tagore formally renounce his British Knighthood?
किस दुखद औपनिवेशिक अत्याचार के बाद रवींद्रनाथ टैगोर ने औपचारिक रूप से अपनी ब्रिटिश 'नाइटहुड' (Knighthood) की उपाधि त्याग दी थी?
The economic critique of British imperialism known as the 'Drain of Wealth' theory was expounded in the book 'Poverty and Un-British Rule in India' by:
ब्रिटिश साम्राज्यवाद की आर्थिक आलोचना, जिसे 'धन की निकासी' (Drain of Wealth) सिद्धांत के रूप में जाना जाता है, 'पावर्टी एंड अन-ब्रिटिश रूल इन इंडिया' पुस्तक में किसके द्वारा प्रतिपादित की गई थी?
Why did Rabindranath Tagore return his British Knighthood to the Viceroy?
To express his profound outrage and moral protest against the brutal Jallianwala Bagh massacre of unarmed civilians in Amritsar on 13 April 1919.
Where did Mahatma Gandhi commence his historic Salt March on 12 March 1930, and where did it culminate?
He set out from Sabarmati Ashram in Ahmedabad with 78 chosen followers and walked 240 miles to the coastal hamlet of Dandi, where he broke the salt law on 6 April 1930.